HIAT2022 - List of Keywords (linac)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MO3I1	Developments towards a Compact Carbon Ion Linac for Cancer Therapy	proton, cavity, acceleration, rfq	14
	B. Mustapha, D.A. Meyer, A. Nassiri, Y. Yang ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA R.B. Agustsson, A. Araujo, S.V. Kutsaev, A.Yu. Smirnov RadiaBeam, Los Angeles, California, USA
	Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357 and Office of High Energy Physics SBIR/STTR Award DE-SC0015717. Hadron therapy offers improved localization of the dose to the tumor and much improved sparing of healthy tissues, compared to traditional X-ray therapy. Combined proton/carbon therapy can achieve the most precise dose confinement to the tumor. Moreover, recent studies indicated that adding FLASH capability to such system may provide significant breakthrough in cancer treatment. The Advanced Compact Carbon Ion Linac (ACCIL) is a conceptual design for a compact ion linac based on high-gradient accelerating structures operating in the S-band frequency range. Thanks to this innovation, the footprint of this accelerator is only 45 m, while its capabilities are well beyond the current state of the art for hadron therapy machines and include: operation up to 1000 pulses per second, pulse to pulse energy variation to treat moving tumors in layer-by-layer regime. ACCIL is capable of accelerating all ions with mass-to-charge ratio A/q ~ 2 to a full energy of 450 MeV/u, and that includes protons, helium, carbon, oxygen and neon. With very short beam pulses of ~ 1 ’s and high instantaneous dose delivery, ACCIL is capable of delivering FLASH-like doses (>100 Gy/sec) for most ion species. In close collaboration between Argonne and Radiabeam, we have developed different design options and prototypes of the high-gradient structures needed for ACCIL. Following an overview of the ACCIL design and its capabilities, the most recent results from the high-gradient structure R&D and future plans will be presented and discussed.
	Slides MO3I1 [3.259 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-MO3I1
About •	Received ※ 27 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 05 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 September 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

MO3I3	Heavy Ion Stripping	target, heavy-ion, operation, synchrotron	24
	P. Gerhard, M.T. Maier GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	Ion stripping is primarily an essential technique for heavy ion accelerators in order to reach higher beam energies within reasonable size and budget limits. Due to the nature of the stripping process, the resulting ion beam contains ions of different charge states. Therefore, high beam loss is typically associated, making the net stripping efficiency one of the decisive elements of the overall performance of an accelerator or facility. Several technical implementations of strippers have been and are still being developed in order to obtain optimal stripping for different ions and beam energies by employing different kinds of stripping targets, namely gaseous, solid and more recently fluid materials. High beam intensities resulting in prohibitive energy deposition and target destruction are challenging. Optimizing a stripper may potentially increase the overall performance by a large factor with less effort than other actions. This gave rise to the pulsed gas stripper project at the GSI UNILAC. This talk will give an overview of different strippers at GSI and beyond. The second part will give a detailed report on the introduction of hydrogen at the GSI gas stripper.
	Slides MO3I3 [53.513 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-MO3I3
About •	Received ※ 21 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 July 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 August 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

MO4I2	Liquid Lithium Charge Stripper Commissioning with Heavy Ion Beams and Early Operations of FRIB Strippers	operation, heavy-ion, MMI, vacuum	31
	T. Kanemura, N.K. Bultman, R. Madendorp, F. Marti, T. Maruta, Y. Momozaki, J.A. Nolen, P.N. Ostroumov, A.S. Plastun, H.T. Ren, A. Taylor, J. Wei, Q. Zhao FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA M.J. LaVere MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA Y. Momozaki, J.A. Nolen ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
	Funding: This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661 The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) at Michi-gan State University is a 400 kW heavy ion linear accel-erator. Heavy ion accelerators normally include a charge stripper to remove electrons from the beams to increase the charge state of the beams thus to increase the energy gain. Thin carbon foils have been the traditional charge stripper but are limited in power density by the damage they suffer (sublimation and radiation damage) and con-sequently short lifetimes. Because of the high beam pow-er, FRIB had decided to use a liquid lithium charge strip-per (LLCS), a self-replenishing medium that is free from radiation damage. FRIB recently commissioned a LLCS with heavy ion beams (36Ar, 48Ca, 124Xe and 238U beams at energies of 17-20 MeV/u). Since there had been no exper-imental data available of charge stripping characteristics of liquid lithium, this was the first demonstration of charge stripping by a LLCS. The beams were successfully stripped by the LLCS with slightly lower charge states than the carbon foils of the same mass thickness. The LLCS started serving the charge stripper for FRIB user operations with a backup rotating carbon foil charge stripper. FRIB has become the world’s first accelerator that utilizes a LLCS.
	Slides MO4I2 [6.337 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-MO4I2
About •	Received ※ 26 June 2022 — Revised ※ 27 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 July 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 August 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TU1C4	A 3D Printed IH-Type Linac Structure - Proof-of-Concept for Additive Manufacturing of Linac RF Cavities	cavity, vacuum, simulation, experiment	41
	H. Hähnel, A. Ateş, U. Ratzinger IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
	Funding: This research was funded by BBMBF grant number 05P21RFRB2. Additive manufacturing ("AM" or "3D printing") has become a powerful tool for rapid prototyping and manufacturing of complex geometries. A 433 MHz IH-DTL cavity has been constructed to act as a proof of concept for additive manufacturing of linac components. In this case, the internal drift tube structure has been produced from 1.4404 stainless steel using 3D printing. We present the concept of the cavity as well as first results of vacuum testing and materials testing. Vacuum levels sufficient for linac operation have been reached with the AM linac structure.
	Slides TU1C4 [5.326 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-TU1C4
About •	Received ※ 20 June 2022 — Revised ※ 30 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 September 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TU2C4	Beam Tuning Automation Activities at TRIUMF	controls, framework, database, quadrupole	52
	S. Kiy, F. Ames, A. Andres, R.A. Baartman, H. Bagri, K. Ezawa, W. Fedorko, P.M. Jung, O.K. Kester, K.E. Lucow, J. Nasser, T. Planche, S.D. Rädel, B.E. Schultz, O. Shelbaya, B. Stringer, D.C. Thomson, D.Y. Wang, K.C. Wu TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada J.A. Adegun UVIC, Victoria, Canada
	Funding: This activity is supported by MITACS IT23740 The particle accelerator complex at TRIUMF provides beams for secondary particle production including rare isotopes. The post acceleration of rare isotope ions demands frequent changes of beam properties like energy and changes of the ion species in terms of isotope and charge state. To facilitate these changes to beam properties and species, a High Level Applications (HLA) framework has been developed that provides the essential elements necessary for app development: access to sophisticated envelope simulations and any necessary beamline data, integration with the control system, version control, deployment and issue tracking, and training materials. With this framework, one can automate collection of beam data and subsequently pull that data into a model which then outputs the necessary adjustments to beam optics. Tuning based on this method is model coupled accelerator tuning (MCAT) and includes pursuits like the training of machine learning (ML) agents to optimize corrections benders. A summary of the framework will be provided followed by a description of the different applications of the MCAT method - both those currently being pursued, and those envisioned for the future.
	Slides TU2C4 [1.890 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-TU2C4
About •	Received ※ 21 June 2022 — Revised ※ 30 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 July 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 August 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUP09	Tuning and RF Measurements of the LILAC RFQ	rfq, emittance, ion-source, pick-up	90
	H. Podlech IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany H. Höltermann, H. Hähnel, B. Koubek, U. Ratzinger BEVATECH, Frankfurt, Germany
	A new linac for the NICA ion collider is under con-struction for JINR at BEVATECH GmbH. As first cavity the 2.5 m long RFQ was manufactured. Within this length it accelerates particles with a mass to charge ratio up to three to an energy of 600 keV/u. The operation frequency is 162.5 MHz and the 4-Rod structure consists of 23 RF cells that need to be adjusted using tuning blocks in order to provide the required field distribution along the electrodes. The status of the manufacturing and the upcoming tuning process including the overall RF setup of the RFQ are summarized in this paper.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-TUP09
About •	Received ※ 24 June 2022 — Revised ※ 27 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 19 September 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUP19	First Tests of Model-Based Linac Phasing in ISAC-II	cavity, ISAC, controls, solenoid	113
	S. Kiy, R.A. Baartman, O.K. Kester, O. Shelbaya TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
	As the e-linac and ARIEL facilities at TRIUMF progress, the impending complexity of operating three simultaneous rare ion beams (RIBs) approaches. To help prepare for this, a framework for the development of High Level Applications has been constucted, upon which multiple avenues for improvement towards model-based and automated tuning are being pursued. Along one of these avenues, the 40-cavity superconducting ISAC-II heavy ion linac has been studied and modelled in the envelope code transoptr. This has allowed for real-time integration through the on-axis fields, fitting focal strengths of solenoids to achieve desired beam waists, and calculation of necessary cavity phases to achieve a desired output energy for given input beam parameters. Initial tests have been completed, successfully phasing up to 37 cavities using the transoptr model and achieving a final output energy within 1% of the expected while maintaining nominal (>90%) transmission. A summary of the calibration of the model to the machine is given, followed by results of the phasing tests and an outlook towards future improvements.
	Poster TUP19 [0.355 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-TUP19
About •	Received ※ 26 June 2022 — Revised ※ 01 July 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 September 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WE1I3	FRIB Commissioning	target, operation, MMI, experiment	118
	P.N. Ostroumov, F. Casagrande, K. Fukushima, K. Hwang, M. Ikegami, T. Kanemura, S.H. Kim, S.M. Lidia, G. Machicoane, T. Maruta, D.G. Morris, A.S. Plastun, H.T. Ren, J. Wei, T. Xu, T. Zhang, Q. Zhao, S. Zhao FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661, the State of Michigan and Michigan State University. The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB), a major nuclear physics facility for research with fast, stopped and reaccelerated rare isotope beams, was successfully commissioned and is in operation. The acceleration of Xe, Kr, and Ar ion beams above 210 MeV/u using all 46 cryomodules with 324 superconducting cavities was demonstrated. Several key technologies were successful-ly developed and implemented for the world’s highest energy continuous wave heavy ion beams, such as full-scale cryogenics and superconducting radiofrequency resonator system, stripping of heavy ions with a thin liquid lithium film, and simultaneous acceleration of multiple-charge-state heavy ion beams. In December 2021, we demonstrated the production and identification of 84Se isotopes and, in January 2022, commissioned the FRIB fragment separator by delivering a 210 MeV/u argon beam to the separator’s focal plane. The first two user experiments with primary 48Ca and 82Se beams have been successfully conducted in May-June 2022.
	Slides WE1I3 [6.543 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-WE1I3
About •	Received ※ 21 June 2022 — Revised ※ 29 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 September 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WE2I1	The New GANIL Beams: Commissioning of SPIRAL 2 Accelerator and Resent Developments	experiment, cyclotron, MMI, ion-source	124
	H. Franberg Delahaye GANIL, Caen, France
	The GANIL installation at Caen in France has been operating with warm temperatures cyclotrons for heavy ion beam physics since 1983. The accelerated stables beams widely ranges from Carbon to Uranium beams. Low energy and post accelerated radioactive ion beams are also being provided. The GANIL laboratory has newly increased their different ion beams available with the installation and commissioning of a superconducting linear accelerator ’ SPIRAL 2 and its experimental areas. The construction started in 2011, the first beam was extracted at low energy in late 2014 with pre-acceleration in 2017 and since 2019 the new installation delivers beam for nuclear physics experiments. This paper will cover the commissioning of the SPIRAL 2 installation at GANIL with its superconducting LINAC - but also the latest development of stable and radioactive beams at the cyclotrons.
	Slides WE2I1 [7.801 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-WE2I1
About •	Received ※ 20 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 25 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 September 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TH1C3	Automation of RF and Cryomodule Operation at FRIB	cavity, operation, controls, SRF	136
	S. Zhao, E. Bernal, W. Chang, E. Daykin, E. Gutierrez, W. Hartung, S.H. Kim, S.R. Kunjir, T.L. Larter, D.G. Morris, J.T. Popielarski, H.T. Ren, T. Xu FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661. The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) has been commissioned, with rare isotopes first produced in December 2021 and first user experiments conducted in May 2022. The FRIB driver linear accelerator (linac) uses 6 room temperature cavities, 324 superconducting cavities, and 69 superconducting solenoids to accelerate ions to more than 200 MeV/nucleon. Because of the large scale, automation is essential for reliable linac operation with high availability. Automation measures implemented during linac commissioning include turn-on of the cavities and solenoids, turn-on and fast recovery for room temperature devices, and emergency shut down of linac devices. Additional automated tasks include conditioning of multipacting barriers in the cavities and calibration of the control valves for the pneumatic tuners. To ensure a smooth transition to operations, we are currently working on real-time health monitoring of the linac cryomodules, including critical signals such as X-ray levels, RF coupler temperatures, and cryogenic parameters. In this paper, we will describe our automation procedures, the implementation details, and the experience we gained.
	Slides TH1C3 [1.966 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-TH1C3
About •	Received ※ 21 June 2022 — Revised ※ 25 July 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 19 September 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TH2C4	Signal Estimation and Analyzing of Cold Button BPMs for a Low-Beta Helium/Proton Superconducting Linac	proton, MMI, electron, electronics	150
	Y. Zhang, X.J. Hu, H. Jia, Z.X. Li, S.H. Liu, H.M. Xie IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
	Funding: This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11675237) and the 2018 ’Western Light’ Talents Training Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences. We develop a formula including the low-beta effect and the influence of long cable issues for estimating the original signal of cold BPMs. A good agreement between the numerical and the measured signal with regard to two kinds of beam commissioning, helium and proton beams, in a low-beta helium and proton superconducting linac, proves that the developed numerical model could accurately estimate the output signal of cold button BPMs. Analysing the original signal between the first and the last cold BPM in the cryomodule, it is found that the signal voltage in the time domain is increased with the accelerated beam energy. However, the amplitude spectra in the frequency domain has more high frequency Fourier components and the amplitude at the first harmonic frequency reduces a lot. It results in a decline of the summed value from the BPM electronics. The decline is not proportional to a variety of the beam intensity. This is the reason why BPMs give only relative intensity and not absolute value for low-beta beams with a Gaussian distribution.
	Slides TH2C4 [6.197 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-TH2C4
About •	Received ※ 14 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 September 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TH3C2	Alternating Phase Focusing Based IH DTL for Heavy Ion Application	cavity, focusing, heavy-ion, operation	162
	S. Lauber, K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, M. Basten, C. Burandt, F.D. Dziuba, P. Forck, V. Gettmann, T. Kürzeder, J. List, M. Miski-Oglu, A. Rubin, S. Yaramyshev GSI, Darmstadt, Germany K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, M. Basten, C. Burandt, F.D. Dziuba, V. Gettmann, T. Kürzeder, S. Lauber, J. List, M. Miski-Oglu, S. Yaramyshev HIM, Mainz, Germany K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, F.D. Dziuba, S. Lauber, J. List KPH, Mainz, Germany M. Droba, H. Podlech, M. Schwarz IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany H. Podlech HFHF, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
	The continuous wave (CW) operated HElmholtz LInear ACcelerator (HELIAC) is going to reach the next milestone with the commissioning of the superconducting (SC) Advanced Demonstrator cryomodule, comprising four SC Crossbar H-mode (CH) cavities and SC steerer magnets. In parallel with the commissioning of the SC main accelerator, the normal conducting injector consisting of an ECR ion source, a RFQ and two Interdigital H-mode (IH) cavities will be built based on an Alternating Phase Focusing (APF) beam dynamics scheme. Both IH cavities will provide a beam energy gain from 300 keV/u to 1400 keV/u with a maximum mass to charge ratio of 6, requiring only one external quadrupole triplet and beam steerer elements between them. The APF concept allows stable and effective beam transport with transverse and longitudinal focusing, enabling an efficient and compact design. Due to the stringent requirements of the APF concept on the voltage distribution and the CW operation, optimization of each cavity in terms of RF, mechanical and thermal properties is crucial for successful operation of the HELIAC injector. The current layout of the APF based and CW operated injector will be presented.
	Slides TH3C2 [1.603 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-TH3C2
About •	Received ※ 21 June 2022 — Revised ※ 04 July 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 19 September 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TH3C3	Recent UNILAC Upgrade Activities	operation, heavy-ion, rfq, quadrupole	166
	U. Scheeler, W.A. Barth, M. Miski-Oglu, H. Vormann, M. Vossberg, S. Yaramyshev GSI, Darmstadt, Germany W.A. Barth, M. Miski-Oglu, S. Yaramyshev HIM, Mainz, Germany W.A. Barth KPH, Mainz, Germany
	The GSI UNILAC is the section of the GSI accelerator facility that has been in operation the longest. UNILAC is able to accelerate ions from hydrogen to ura-nium up to 20 MeV (p⁺) and 13 MeV/u (uranium). The main focus of the recent upgrade measures is to meet the FAIR requirements and to provide reliable and long term beam operation conditions. Besides post stripper upgrade and upgrade of the UNILAC controls, a particular atten-tion is paid to improve the performance of the High Current Injector (HSI) [1-7] and to intensify spare part management for the ageing accelerator. In order to en-sure operational reliability, the main focus lies on exten-sive spare part management and replacement of outdated equipment. Modified beam dynamics design for the frontend system and the use of advanced technologies are needed to improve the UNILAC performance. Among other things, a modified Low and Medium Energy Beam Transport section design for the HSI and installation of reliable (non-destructive) high intensity beam diagnos-tics devices are in progress. This paper addresses the status of current development efforts and specific plans for the UNILAC upgrade.
	Slides TH3C3 [1.595 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-TH3C3
About •	Received ※ 20 June 2022 — Revised ※ 28 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 July 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 August 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TH4C3	High Intensity Proton Beams at GSI (Heavy Ion) UNILAC	proton, operation, heavy-ion, ion-source	170
	W.A. Barth, M. Miski-Oglu, U. Scheeler, H. Vormann, M. Vossberg, S. Yaramyshev GSI, Darmstadt, Germany W.A. Barth, M. Miski-Oglu HIM, Mainz, Germany
	A significant part of the experimental program at FAIR is dedicated to pbar physics requiring a high number of cooled pbars per hour. The primary proton beam has to be provided by a 70 MeV proton linac followed by two synchrotrons. The new FAIR proton linac will deliver a pulsed high intensity proton beam of up to 35 mA of 36 µs duration at a repetition rate of 4 Hz. The GSI heavy ion linac (UNILAC) is able to deliver intense heavy ion beam for injection into SIS18, but it is not suitable for FAIR relevant proton beam operation. In an advanced machine investigation program it could be shown, that the UNILAC is able to provide for sufficient high intensities of CH3-beam, cracked (and stripped) in a supersonic nitrogen gas jet into protons and carbon ions. This new operational approach results in up to 3 mA of proton intensity at a maximum beam energy of 20 MeV, 100 µs pulse duration and a rep. rate of 4 Hz. For some time now, UNILAC proton beam operation with higher intensities has been offered as standard for users. Recent linac beam measurements will be presented, showing that the UNILAC is able to bridge the time until the FAIR-proton linac delivers high-intensity proton beams.
	Slides TH4C3 [3.539 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-TH4C3
About •	Received ※ 11 June 2022 — Revised ※ 28 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 September 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

MO3I1

Developments towards a Compact Carbon Ion Linac for Cancer Therapy

proton, cavity, acceleration, rfq

14

B. Mustapha, D.A. Meyer, A. Nassiri, Y. Yang
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
R.B. Agustsson, A. Araujo, S.V. Kutsaev, A.Yu. Smirnov
RadiaBeam, Los Angeles, California, USA

Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357 and Office of High Energy Physics SBIR/STTR Award DE-SC0015717.
Hadron therapy offers improved localization of the dose to the tumor and much improved sparing of healthy tissues, compared to traditional X-ray therapy. Combined proton/carbon therapy can achieve the most precise dose confinement to the tumor. Moreover, recent studies indicated that adding FLASH capability to such system may provide significant breakthrough in cancer treatment. The Advanced Compact Carbon Ion Linac (ACCIL) is a conceptual design for a compact ion linac based on high-gradient accelerating structures operating in the S-band frequency range. Thanks to this innovation, the footprint of this accelerator is only 45 m, while its capabilities are well beyond the current state of the art for hadron therapy machines and include: operation up to 1000 pulses per second, pulse to pulse energy variation to treat moving tumors in layer-by-layer regime. ACCIL is capable of accelerating all ions with mass-to-charge ratio A/q ~ 2 to a full energy of 450 MeV/u, and that includes protons, helium, carbon, oxygen and neon. With very short beam pulses of ~ 1 ’s and high instantaneous dose delivery, ACCIL is capable of delivering FLASH-like doses (>100 Gy/sec) for most ion species. In close collaboration between Argonne and Radiabeam, we have developed different design options and prototypes of the high-gradient structures needed for ACCIL. Following an overview of the ACCIL design and its capabilities, the most recent results from the high-gradient structure R&D and future plans will be presented and discussed.

Slides MO3I1 [3.259 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-MO3I1

About •

Received ※ 27 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 05 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 September 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

MO3I3

Heavy Ion Stripping

target, heavy-ion, operation, synchrotron

24

P. Gerhard, M.T. Maier
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

Ion stripping is primarily an essential technique for heavy ion accelerators in order to reach higher beam energies within reasonable size and budget limits. Due to the nature of the stripping process, the resulting ion beam contains ions of different charge states. Therefore, high beam loss is typically associated, making the net stripping efficiency one of the decisive elements of the overall performance of an accelerator or facility. Several technical implementations of strippers have been and are still being developed in order to obtain optimal stripping for different ions and beam energies by employing different kinds of stripping targets, namely gaseous, solid and more recently fluid materials. High beam intensities resulting in prohibitive energy deposition and target destruction are challenging. Optimizing a stripper may potentially increase the overall performance by a large factor with less effort than other actions. This gave rise to the pulsed gas stripper project at the GSI UNILAC. This talk will give an overview of different strippers at GSI and beyond. The second part will give a detailed report on the introduction of hydrogen at the GSI gas stripper.

Slides MO3I3 [53.513 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-MO3I3

About •

Received ※ 21 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 July 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 August 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

MO4I2

Liquid Lithium Charge Stripper Commissioning with Heavy Ion Beams and Early Operations of FRIB Strippers

operation, heavy-ion, MMI, vacuum

31

T. Kanemura, N.K. Bultman, R. Madendorp, F. Marti, T. Maruta, Y. Momozaki, J.A. Nolen, P.N. Ostroumov, A.S. Plastun, H.T. Ren, A. Taylor, J. Wei, Q. Zhao
FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
M.J. LaVere
MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
Y. Momozaki, J.A. Nolen
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA

Funding: This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661
The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) at Michi-gan State University is a 400 kW heavy ion linear accel-erator. Heavy ion accelerators normally include a charge stripper to remove electrons from the beams to increase the charge state of the beams thus to increase the energy gain. Thin carbon foils have been the traditional charge stripper but are limited in power density by the damage they suffer (sublimation and radiation damage) and con-sequently short lifetimes. Because of the high beam pow-er, FRIB had decided to use a liquid lithium charge strip-per (LLCS), a self-replenishing medium that is free from radiation damage. FRIB recently commissioned a LLCS with heavy ion beams (36Ar, 48Ca, 124Xe and 238U beams at energies of 17-20 MeV/u). Since there had been no exper-imental data available of charge stripping characteristics of liquid lithium, this was the first demonstration of charge stripping by a LLCS. The beams were successfully stripped by the LLCS with slightly lower charge states than the carbon foils of the same mass thickness. The LLCS started serving the charge stripper for FRIB user operations with a backup rotating carbon foil charge stripper. FRIB has become the world’s first accelerator that utilizes a LLCS.

Slides MO4I2 [6.337 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-MO4I2

About •

Received ※ 26 June 2022 — Revised ※ 27 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 July 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 August 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TU1C4

A 3D Printed IH-Type Linac Structure - Proof-of-Concept for Additive Manufacturing of Linac RF Cavities

cavity, vacuum, simulation, experiment

41

H. Hähnel, A. Ateş, U. Ratzinger
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Funding: This research was funded by BBMBF grant number 05P21RFRB2.
Additive manufacturing ("AM" or "3D printing") has become a powerful tool for rapid prototyping and manufacturing of complex geometries. A 433 MHz IH-DTL cavity has been constructed to act as a proof of concept for additive manufacturing of linac components. In this case, the internal drift tube structure has been produced from 1.4404 stainless steel using 3D printing. We present the concept of the cavity as well as first results of vacuum testing and materials testing. Vacuum levels sufficient for linac operation have been reached with the AM linac structure.

Slides TU1C4 [5.326 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-TU1C4

About •

Received ※ 20 June 2022 — Revised ※ 30 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 September 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TU2C4

Beam Tuning Automation Activities at TRIUMF

controls, framework, database, quadrupole

52

S. Kiy, F. Ames, A. Andres, R.A. Baartman, H. Bagri, K. Ezawa, W. Fedorko, P.M. Jung, O.K. Kester, K.E. Lucow, J. Nasser, T. Planche, S.D. Rädel, B.E. Schultz, O. Shelbaya, B. Stringer, D.C. Thomson, D.Y. Wang, K.C. Wu
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
J.A. Adegun
UVIC, Victoria, Canada

Funding: This activity is supported by MITACS IT23740
The particle accelerator complex at TRIUMF provides beams for secondary particle production including rare isotopes. The post acceleration of rare isotope ions demands frequent changes of beam properties like energy and changes of the ion species in terms of isotope and charge state. To facilitate these changes to beam properties and species, a High Level Applications (HLA) framework has been developed that provides the essential elements necessary for app development: access to sophisticated envelope simulations and any necessary beamline data, integration with the control system, version control, deployment and issue tracking, and training materials. With this framework, one can automate collection of beam data and subsequently pull that data into a model which then outputs the necessary adjustments to beam optics. Tuning based on this method is model coupled accelerator tuning (MCAT) and includes pursuits like the training of machine learning (ML) agents to optimize corrections benders. A summary of the framework will be provided followed by a description of the different applications of the MCAT method - both those currently being pursued, and those envisioned for the future.

Slides TU2C4 [1.890 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-TU2C4

About •

Received ※ 21 June 2022 — Revised ※ 30 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 July 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 August 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUP09

Tuning and RF Measurements of the LILAC RFQ

rfq, emittance, ion-source, pick-up

90

H. Podlech
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
H. Höltermann, H. Hähnel, B. Koubek, U. Ratzinger
BEVATECH, Frankfurt, Germany

A new linac for the NICA ion collider is under con-struction for JINR at BEVATECH GmbH. As first cavity the 2.5 m long RFQ was manufactured. Within this length it accelerates particles with a mass to charge ratio up to three to an energy of 600 keV/u. The operation frequency is 162.5 MHz and the 4-Rod structure consists of 23 RF cells that need to be adjusted using tuning blocks in order to provide the required field distribution along the electrodes. The status of the manufacturing and the upcoming tuning process including the overall RF setup of the RFQ are summarized in this paper.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-TUP09

About •

Received ※ 24 June 2022 — Revised ※ 27 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 19 September 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUP19

First Tests of Model-Based Linac Phasing in ISAC-II

cavity, ISAC, controls, solenoid

113

S. Kiy, R.A. Baartman, O.K. Kester, O. Shelbaya
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

As the e-linac and ARIEL facilities at TRIUMF progress, the impending complexity of operating three simultaneous rare ion beams (RIBs) approaches. To help prepare for this, a framework for the development of High Level Applications has been constucted, upon which multiple avenues for improvement towards model-based and automated tuning are being pursued. Along one of these avenues, the 40-cavity superconducting ISAC-II heavy ion linac has been studied and modelled in the envelope code transoptr. This has allowed for real-time integration through the on-axis fields, fitting focal strengths of solenoids to achieve desired beam waists, and calculation of necessary cavity phases to achieve a desired output energy for given input beam parameters. Initial tests have been completed, successfully phasing up to 37 cavities using the transoptr model and achieving a final output energy within 1% of the expected while maintaining nominal (>90%) transmission. A summary of the calibration of the model to the machine is given, followed by results of the phasing tests and an outlook towards future improvements.

Poster TUP19 [0.355 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-TUP19

About •

Received ※ 26 June 2022 — Revised ※ 01 July 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 September 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WE1I3

FRIB Commissioning

target, operation, MMI, experiment

118

P.N. Ostroumov, F. Casagrande, K. Fukushima, K. Hwang, M. Ikegami, T. Kanemura, S.H. Kim, S.M. Lidia, G. Machicoane, T. Maruta, D.G. Morris, A.S. Plastun, H.T. Ren, J. Wei, T. Xu, T. Zhang, Q. Zhao, S. Zhao
FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661, the State of Michigan and Michigan State University.
The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB), a major nuclear physics facility for research with fast, stopped and reaccelerated rare isotope beams, was successfully commissioned and is in operation. The acceleration of Xe, Kr, and Ar ion beams above 210 MeV/u using all 46 cryomodules with 324 superconducting cavities was demonstrated. Several key technologies were successful-ly developed and implemented for the world’s highest energy continuous wave heavy ion beams, such as full-scale cryogenics and superconducting radiofrequency resonator system, stripping of heavy ions with a thin liquid lithium film, and simultaneous acceleration of multiple-charge-state heavy ion beams. In December 2021, we demonstrated the production and identification of 84Se isotopes and, in January 2022, commissioned the FRIB fragment separator by delivering a 210 MeV/u argon beam to the separator’s focal plane. The first two user experiments with primary 48Ca and 82Se beams have been successfully conducted in May-June 2022.

Slides WE1I3 [6.543 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-WE1I3

About •

Received ※ 21 June 2022 — Revised ※ 29 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 September 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WE2I1

The New GANIL Beams: Commissioning of SPIRAL 2 Accelerator and Resent Developments

experiment, cyclotron, MMI, ion-source

124

H. Franberg Delahaye
GANIL, Caen, France

The GANIL installation at Caen in France has been operating with warm temperatures cyclotrons for heavy ion beam physics since 1983. The accelerated stables beams widely ranges from Carbon to Uranium beams. Low energy and post accelerated radioactive ion beams are also being provided. The GANIL laboratory has newly increased their different ion beams available with the installation and commissioning of a superconducting linear accelerator ’ SPIRAL 2 and its experimental areas. The construction started in 2011, the first beam was extracted at low energy in late 2014 with pre-acceleration in 2017 and since 2019 the new installation delivers beam for nuclear physics experiments. This paper will cover the commissioning of the SPIRAL 2 installation at GANIL with its superconducting LINAC - but also the latest development of stable and radioactive beams at the cyclotrons.

Slides WE2I1 [7.801 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-WE2I1

About •

Received ※ 20 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 25 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 September 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TH1C3

Automation of RF and Cryomodule Operation at FRIB

cavity, operation, controls, SRF

136

S. Zhao, E. Bernal, W. Chang, E. Daykin, E. Gutierrez, W. Hartung, S.H. Kim, S.R. Kunjir, T.L. Larter, D.G. Morris, J.T. Popielarski, H.T. Ren, T. Xu
FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661.
The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) has been commissioned, with rare isotopes first produced in December 2021 and first user experiments conducted in May 2022. The FRIB driver linear accelerator (linac) uses 6 room temperature cavities, 324 superconducting cavities, and 69 superconducting solenoids to accelerate ions to more than 200 MeV/nucleon. Because of the large scale, automation is essential for reliable linac operation with high availability. Automation measures implemented during linac commissioning include turn-on of the cavities and solenoids, turn-on and fast recovery for room temperature devices, and emergency shut down of linac devices. Additional automated tasks include conditioning of multipacting barriers in the cavities and calibration of the control valves for the pneumatic tuners. To ensure a smooth transition to operations, we are currently working on real-time health monitoring of the linac cryomodules, including critical signals such as X-ray levels, RF coupler temperatures, and cryogenic parameters. In this paper, we will describe our automation procedures, the implementation details, and the experience we gained.

Slides TH1C3 [1.966 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-TH1C3

About •

Received ※ 21 June 2022 — Revised ※ 25 July 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 19 September 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TH2C4

Signal Estimation and Analyzing of Cold Button BPMs for a Low-Beta Helium/Proton Superconducting Linac

proton, MMI, electron, electronics

150

Y. Zhang, X.J. Hu, H. Jia, Z.X. Li, S.H. Liu, H.M. Xie
IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China

Funding: This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11675237) and the 2018 ’Western Light’ Talents Training Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
We develop a formula including the low-beta effect and the influence of long cable issues for estimating the original signal of cold BPMs. A good agreement between the numerical and the measured signal with regard to two kinds of beam commissioning, helium and proton beams, in a low-beta helium and proton superconducting linac, proves that the developed numerical model could accurately estimate the output signal of cold button BPMs. Analysing the original signal between the first and the last cold BPM in the cryomodule, it is found that the signal voltage in the time domain is increased with the accelerated beam energy. However, the amplitude spectra in the frequency domain has more high frequency Fourier components and the amplitude at the first harmonic frequency reduces a lot. It results in a decline of the summed value from the BPM electronics. The decline is not proportional to a variety of the beam intensity. This is the reason why BPMs give only relative intensity and not absolute value for low-beta beams with a Gaussian distribution.

Slides TH2C4 [6.197 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-TH2C4

About •

Received ※ 14 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 September 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TH3C2

Alternating Phase Focusing Based IH DTL for Heavy Ion Application

cavity, focusing, heavy-ion, operation

162

S. Lauber, K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, M. Basten, C. Burandt, F.D. Dziuba, P. Forck, V. Gettmann, T. Kürzeder, J. List, M. Miski-Oglu, A. Rubin, S. Yaramyshev
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, M. Basten, C. Burandt, F.D. Dziuba, V. Gettmann, T. Kürzeder, S. Lauber, J. List, M. Miski-Oglu, S. Yaramyshev
HIM, Mainz, Germany
K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, F.D. Dziuba, S. Lauber, J. List
KPH, Mainz, Germany
M. Droba, H. Podlech, M. Schwarz
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
H. Podlech
HFHF, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

The continuous wave (CW) operated HElmholtz LInear ACcelerator (HELIAC) is going to reach the next milestone with the commissioning of the superconducting (SC) Advanced Demonstrator cryomodule, comprising four SC Crossbar H-mode (CH) cavities and SC steerer magnets. In parallel with the commissioning of the SC main accelerator, the normal conducting injector consisting of an ECR ion source, a RFQ and two Interdigital H-mode (IH) cavities will be built based on an Alternating Phase Focusing (APF) beam dynamics scheme. Both IH cavities will provide a beam energy gain from 300 keV/u to 1400 keV/u with a maximum mass to charge ratio of 6, requiring only one external quadrupole triplet and beam steerer elements between them. The APF concept allows stable and effective beam transport with transverse and longitudinal focusing, enabling an efficient and compact design. Due to the stringent requirements of the APF concept on the voltage distribution and the CW operation, optimization of each cavity in terms of RF, mechanical and thermal properties is crucial for successful operation of the HELIAC injector. The current layout of the APF based and CW operated injector will be presented.

Slides TH3C2 [1.603 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-TH3C2

About •

Received ※ 21 June 2022 — Revised ※ 04 July 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 19 September 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TH3C3

Recent UNILAC Upgrade Activities

operation, heavy-ion, rfq, quadrupole

166

U. Scheeler, W.A. Barth, M. Miski-Oglu, H. Vormann, M. Vossberg, S. Yaramyshev
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
W.A. Barth, M. Miski-Oglu, S. Yaramyshev
HIM, Mainz, Germany
W.A. Barth
KPH, Mainz, Germany

The GSI UNILAC is the section of the GSI accelerator facility that has been in operation the longest. UNILAC is able to accelerate ions from hydrogen to ura-nium up to 20 MeV (p⁺) and 13 MeV/u (uranium). The main focus of the recent upgrade measures is to meet the FAIR requirements and to provide reliable and long term beam operation conditions. Besides post stripper upgrade and upgrade of the UNILAC controls, a particular atten-tion is paid to improve the performance of the High Current Injector (HSI) [1-7] and to intensify spare part management for the ageing accelerator. In order to en-sure operational reliability, the main focus lies on exten-sive spare part management and replacement of outdated equipment. Modified beam dynamics design for the frontend system and the use of advanced technologies are needed to improve the UNILAC performance. Among other things, a modified Low and Medium Energy Beam Transport section design for the HSI and installation of reliable (non-destructive) high intensity beam diagnos-tics devices are in progress. This paper addresses the status of current development efforts and specific plans for the UNILAC upgrade.

Slides TH3C3 [1.595 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-TH3C3

About •

Received ※ 20 June 2022 — Revised ※ 28 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 July 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 August 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TH4C3

High Intensity Proton Beams at GSI (Heavy Ion) UNILAC

proton, operation, heavy-ion, ion-source

170

W.A. Barth, M. Miski-Oglu, U. Scheeler, H. Vormann, M. Vossberg, S. Yaramyshev
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
W.A. Barth, M. Miski-Oglu
HIM, Mainz, Germany

A significant part of the experimental program at FAIR is dedicated to pbar physics requiring a high number of cooled pbars per hour. The primary proton beam has to be provided by a 70 MeV proton linac followed by two synchrotrons. The new FAIR proton linac will deliver a pulsed high intensity proton beam of up to 35 mA of 36 µs duration at a repetition rate of 4 Hz. The GSI heavy ion linac (UNILAC) is able to deliver intense heavy ion beam for injection into SIS18, but it is not suitable for FAIR relevant proton beam operation. In an advanced machine investigation program it could be shown, that the UNILAC is able to provide for sufficient high intensities of CH3-beam, cracked (and stripped) in a supersonic nitrogen gas jet into protons and carbon ions. This new operational approach results in up to 3 mA of proton intensity at a maximum beam energy of 20 MeV, 100 µs pulse duration and a rep. rate of 4 Hz. For some time now, UNILAC proton beam operation with higher intensities has been offered as standard for users. Recent linac beam measurements will be presented, showing that the UNILAC is able to bridge the time until the FAIR-proton linac delivers high-intensity proton beams.

Slides TH4C3 [3.539 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HIAT2022-TH4C3

About •

Received ※ 11 June 2022 — Revised ※ 28 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 September 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)